Questions People ask About Cremation And Burials
Years ago, I used to get asked regularly, questions about cremation:
"You don't really 'burn' the coffin do you?"
"Are the Ashes/Cremated Remains I get back, really those of my relative?"
Once a year, 'us' funeral directors were invited to visit the local crematorium after the working day. We had refreshments provided and went to the chapels first prior to the 'back-room' where the actual cremations took place. I remember, interested parties could also request this 'tour'/experience - East Devon Young Farmers were one such group, I believe.
Back then, I found a three page pamphlet regarding questions on cremations - I also made my own to complement the original. Nowadays, apart from the two questions above, I rarely get asked however, in a recent enquiry, I came across the ICCM - Institute of Cemetery & Crematorium Management. Not for the first time I might add but the initials, I rarely come across and interestingly, I found this article in the public domain. For anyone interested, this was accurate in April of this year - 2015.
BTW - my answers were usually the same: Exeter and Devon Crematorium is situated in public (Devon County Council) grounds. You can stay out there all night, wait and watch for the articulated lorry to come and collect the coffins - The News of the World (newspaper) will never know!
Categorically, the cremated remains that you will receive are without a shadow of a doubt, those of the named deceased!
QUESTIONS PEOPLE ASK ABOUT BURIAL AND
CREMATION April
2015
CREMATION
How many people use cremation today in
Great Britain?
Since 1968 when the number of cremations
exceeded burials for the first time, cremation has increased considerably.
Current figures suggest that around 74% of all funerals are cremations.
Do any religious groups forbid cremation?
All current Christian denominations, including
the Roman Catholic Church, allow cremation, as do Sikhs, Hindus, Parsees and
Buddhists. It is however forbidden by Orthodox Jews and Muslims.
Is cremation more expensive than burial?
No. Generally the cost of a grave is much
higher than the fee charged for cremation although the funeral charges are
similar for both services. The only additional charge for cremation arises when
the death has not been referred to a coroner (usual) and two doctors need to be
paid for the necessary certificates – again, usual. This fee does not apply for
a burial.
What religious ceremony can I have with
cremation?
The service for burial and cremation is the
same apart from the form of committal
‘Sentences.’ The service may take place at your
own place of worship, a local church followed by a short committal service in
the crematorium chapel, or you may have the whole service at
the crematorium. Alternatively, you may prefer
a civil ceremony to be conducted, or even no service at all or, a service at any other place you choose.
How is a cremation arranged?
The Cremation Regulations are complex and many
people approach a funeral director immediately death occurs, and advise him
that they wish to arrange a cremation. The funeral director will ensure that
all the necessary statutory forms for cremation are obtained and presented to
the Crematorium. This is advisable.
Can a cremation be arranged without the
services of a funeral director?
Yes. The executor or ’nearest surviving
relative’ may arrange the cremation service themselves. Cremation authorities
that are members of the Institute of Cemetery & Crematorium Management’s
(ICCM) Charter for the Bereaved will provide advice to persons arranging a
cremation without the use of a funeral director.
Can relatives witness the committal of the
coffin to the cremator?
Yes. Some crematoria have a viewing area that
overlooks the crematory where you may witness the committal taking place.
Others may have a room equipped with CCTV enabling all of those in the room to
clearly see the committal whilst other crematoria may allow a supervised group
into the crematory to witness the committal. The Crematorium must be informed
that you wish to witness the committal when the cremation is booked, so that
staff can be informed - they will then make the necessary preparations on/for
the day.
Is the coffin cremated with the body?
Yes. The ICCM Guiding Principles state that the
container and the body shall be placed in cremator and cremation commenced. The
coffin or container with the body inside shall not be opened or otherwise
disturbed other than in exceptional circumstances, and then only with the
express permission and in the presence of the Applicant for Cremation (usually
the Executor or next of kin).
How soon after the service will the
cremation take place?
The ICCM Guiding Principles state that the
container and the body shall be placed in a cremator and cremation commenced no
later than 72 hours after the service of committal. Where cremation may not be
carried out on the same day, the Applicant for Cremation shall be notified. (Shoobridge Funeral Services have an article
on, ‘Holding Over’ which explains in detail, circumstances and regulations.)
This means that under normal circumstances the
cremation is usually carried out shortly after the service and certainly on the
same day. However, when a service takes place late in the day or a limited
number of services are booked, the cremations may take place within the 72 hour
period. Retention of coffins should only be carried out where a secure and
hygienic storage facility is available. The benefits to the community from this
include, a reduced impact on the environment as, less fossil fuel will be
consumed and the more efficient use of machinery and
equipment will be achieved.
How are cremated remains kept separate?
A cremator can only accept one coffin at a time
and all the remains are removed from the cremator before the next cremation. An
identity card is used throughout the whole process until the final disposal
thereby ensuring correct identification.
What
happens to the cremated remains after cremation?
The law relating to cremation requires that
cremated remains are disposed of in accordance with the written instructions of
the applicant (usually the executor or nearest surviving relative). Most
crematoria have a range of options which might include scattering or burying in
the Garden of Remembrance, placing in a columbarium, interring in a small
family vault or niche. Options for memorials are also available which might
include plaques beneath rose bushes, trees or shrubs and memorial benches with
plaques. The simplest form of memorial is an entry inscribed in a Book of Remembrance.
Your nearest crematorium and possibly funeral director will provide details of
their facilities and options.
Cremated remains may also be buried in family graves that are full for coffined burials
in a churchyard or cemetery. Alternatively you may be able to purchase a new
cremated remains grave in a cemetery or churchyard, again, your local funeral
director will be able to advise you accordingly.
There is no need to make a hurried decision
with regard to the final resting place of the remains, some crematoria have a
facility to hold the remains until a decision is made. Should a crematorium not
be contacted with a decision after a period of time has elapsed, you may
receive a letter asking if you are ready to go ahead. If you are not, simply
tell the crematorium that you need more time (a fee may be applicable). Should
a crematorium receive no reply to their letter, they may legally scatter or
bury the cremated remains within their grounds after giving TWO weeks written
notice. You may of course decide to take the
ashes home with you.
(NB Due to the
quantity of regular cremations, crematoria may prefer funeral directors to
individually hold cremated remains rather than the actual crematorium.)
Some people refer to ‘Ashes’ whilst others refer to ‘Cremated
Remains’. Is there a difference?
No. Ashes and Cremated Remains are one
and the same thing and are defined as ‘everything that is left in the cremator
at the end of the cremation process following the removal of any metal’.
There is no separation of what is
perceived to be ash from the coffin and other items from what is perceived to
be ash from the deceased person as this would be impossible.
Further questions about metal and what
happens to it are answered below.
Are any ashes left after the cremation of a baby?
Most crematoria will have a modified
procedure designed to minimise the potential for the small amount of ash being
lost within a cremator.
Turbulence within the cremation
chamber is reduced, the use of a metal tray on which the small coffin is placed
thus helping to protect the ash, and careful placement within the cremation
chamber are some of the modifications to procedure that are employed. There may
be some instances where it has not been possible to recover any ash however,
these are minimal. You can ask your local crematorium about their process and
success rate in recovering ashes from the cremations of babies.
Can more than one body be cremated at a
time?
No, each cremation is carried out separately.
The aperture through which the coffin passes in the cremator and the cremation
chamber are of dimensions that will only safely accept one coffin. However,
exceptions can be made in the case of a mother and baby or small twin children,
so long as the next of kin or executor has made this specific request.
There have been a small number of
instances where elderly couples have died within a day or two of each other
both being cremated in the same coffin. This is not unlawful provided that the
applicant for cremation has made this request. The only thing that would
prevent this
happening is if the coffin were too
large to pass through the aperture into the cremator as mentioned above. Matters pertaining to identity and
nameplates would have to be addressed and the applicant made aware that the
cremated remains would be inseparable, individually.
Most crematoria will allow public inspection of
the ‘behind the scenes’ procedures in an attempt to enlighten the public on all
aspects of the cremation process. Many
crematoria will carry out shared cremations of fetuses in instances where
parents do not want to make private arrangements. These are arranged via
hospitals. Some parents gain some comfort from knowing that their baby was laid
to rest with others. The practice of shared cremation is
supported by Sands, the Stillbirth and
Neonatal Death charity.
Are coffins sold back to funeral directors
for re-use?
No. (In the United kingdom)The coffin and the
body inside are cremated together. There are occasions where the deceased or,
the family of the deceased, have opted for using a cardboard coffin in which
their loved one will be cremated. When this happens, families sometimes want to
have a more aesthetically pleasing coffin or container on the catafalque during
the service. Families therefore will opt for either a pall (a cloth covering
the cardboard coffin), or a 'cocoon coffin' (an outer shell that covers the cardboard
coffin) or will decorate a cardboard coffin themselves. Neither the pall nor
the cocoon is cremated. It is important to understand that the pall and cocoon do
NOT contain the body of the deceased; they are simply superficial coverings for
a cardboard coffin. (Cardboard coffin
construction must meet specific criteria and have a base material that will
support the body in entry to the cremator – a wooden base.)
What happens to the
metal that is left in the ashes?
In the past, all crematoria removed metal such as orthopaedic
implants and screws used in the construction of the coffin and disposed of the
metal by burying it within the grounds of the crematorium. In recent years the
Institute of Cemetery & Crematorium Management introduced a scheme whereby
the applicant for cremation can give consent for the metal to be recycled.
Approximately 50% of UK crematoria are ‘recycling scheme’ members. The surplus
produced by the scheme, after transport, sorting and smelting costs have been
deducted, is donated to charities nominated by member crematoria. By early 2015
the scheme had given £2 million to charities.
Precious metal such as jewellery left on the deceased, will melt
during the cremation process, combine with ash and become granular and hence
unrecognisable. Some is lost within the cremator and some will be within the
ashes. A proportion is found in the containers where other metals are kept
whilst awaiting recycling. The Institute would strongly advise that
jewellery is not left on the deceased but is retained by the
relatives as it is more valuable to them. An applicant for cremation using a
crematorium that is in membership of the metal recycling scheme should be given
the options of either recycling the metal or having it returned with the ashes.
The Institute believes that those crematoria that do not recycle should gain
consent to bury the metal in the grounds of the crematorium or return it to the
applicant.
Can I visit a crematorium and see what
happens behind the scenes?
Yes. All crematoria will arrange for such a
visit if given prior notice. The visit may take place whilst cremations are
taking place or when not; the choice is yours. This open door policy helps to
dispel the myths that have been explained above. On seeing the cremation
process, the viewer can be reassured that all cremations take place
individually, coffins are cremated with the deceased and that identity is maintained
throughout the process so that a family can be sure that they receive the correct
cremated remains.
Where can I find out more information
about cremation?
The ICCM Charter for the bereaved gives
detailed information about all aspects of the cremation process and encompasses
environmental and social aspects. Cremation authorities that have adopted the ‘Charter
for the Bereaved’ will provide information and guidance and you can obtain a
full reference copy of the Charter document from the ICCM website at www.iccm-uk.com
No login password is required as the
site is fully open to everyone.
BURIAL
Why are graves dug so deep? (It's
distressing to see the coffin go down so deep.)
Graves have to be dug to a sufficient depth to
allow for future burials to take place – ground conditions and access
permitting. Therefore the grave needs to be deep enough to allow not only for
the depth of coffins/caskets that will be buried but also to accommodate legal
requirements of undisturbed earth to be between each coffin and the amount of
earth that must cover the last interment.
Why are there so many different types of
grave available at some cemeteries?
Some authorities have introduced a wide range
of graves to give people as many options as possible when arranging the burial
of a loved one. For many, the lawn grave is considered to be the best option
but for others, a more traditional, elaborate and larger type of memorial is
required. Burial above ground in a Catacomb is available at some cemeteries as
are vaults, brick graves and mausolea. It is really a matter of choice.,
availability and sometimes, culture.
I have bought a
grave. Do I own the land?
No. You have purchased the Exclusive Right of Burial in the piece
of land called the grave space. The ownership of the land remains with the
burial authority. The exclusive right of burial in a local authority cemetery
must not by law exceed 100 years. It is also possible in some areas, to
‘purchase’ a grave without the Exclusive Right of Burial. Commonly, or in the
past, known as ‘pauper graves.’ Certain restrictions apply e.g. the theoretical
inability to prevent a further burial of person or persons unknown but more
usually, the declination of permission to erect a headstone or memorial of any
description.
I have a lawn grave. Why can't I put a
full memorial over the surface of the grave?
The lawn grave was designed on the war grave
principle (to have only a memorial of limited size at the head of the grave
with the rest of the grave laid to lawn). In this manner the limited area
available for burial is best utilised. In addition maintenance is easier to
accomplish with large mowing machinery being used to keep the area in a neat
condition. These graves are sold on the understanding that only lawn style
memorials are erected. Full memorials are only permitted on Traditional graves.
Care must be taken when selecting the type of grave - If you would prefer a
larger, more traditional type memorial, you should not opt for a lawn grave.
Are graves filled in straight after a
funeral or are they left to the next day?
Graves are usually prepared for burial at least
one full day before the funeral and are covered overnight. Most churchyards
discourage the digging of graves on Sundays. Municipal workers almost never
work on the weekend with some Saturday morning exceptions. The ICCM Guiding
Principles for Burial Services, states that immediately after the mourners have
departed the graveside, the grave shall be entirely backfilled and made tidy.
This work is completed on the day of the burial and coffins should not be left
uncovered overnight.
I understand that some people wait while
the grave is filled in. Why is this?
Some cultures require that the grave is filled
in while the family observe or, they may wish to undertake the backfilling of
the grave themselves. When families want this, it is essential that the
cemetery, funeral director and gravedigger are made aware of their requirements
when the burial is first arranged. This will ensure that the family's wishes
are met and that their safety is protected during the backfilling process. The
Health and Safety Executive, risk management, limitations of insurance of the
gravedigger, funeral director, cemetery or church authority may prevent this
practise.
Can anyone witness the grave being filled?
Yes, but the cemetery will need to be advised
of this before the funeral takes place so that they are prepared.
I've got a lawn grave. When will I be able
to put a memorial onto it?
In cemeteries where continuous concrete
foundations have been laid, memorials can be erected on lawn graves, 'almost'
immediately. Where individual foundations are provided for lawn memorials,
ideally situated on un-dug ground at the head end of the grave and with the use
of ground anchors and fixings that comply with the National Association of
Memorial Masons (NAMM) Recommended Code of Practice, it is still possible to
erect a memorial almost immediately. In cemeteries where the headstone is
erected directly on the excavated area of the grave there may be a period
stipulated in the cemetery regulations which gives the ground time to settle
and consolidate. During this period the cemetery staff should monitor any
sinkage that becomes apparent and top up periodically with topsoil until
settlement ceases. This period may differ around the country due to differing soil
types and conditions. Even after settlement has ceased it is advisable to
ensure that your memorial mason adopts the NAMM Code of Practice as mentioned above.
Cemetery rules differ, it is advisable to research before the burial, your
local funeral director, the church or municipal authority can also advise you.
What is a natural burial?
Natural burials are those where the
environment is of paramount importance. Many local authorities and private
companies provide a natural burial option where burials take place in
existing woodland or meadowland
settings. In some sites, an open area is used, trees and natural wild flowers
are planted and the setting is created. There may be restrictions
such as memorials not being permitted
and a requirement that the deceased is not embalmed. The intention is for the
deceased to return to nature and by so doing assist the environment. The practice of embalming incorporates the
use of chemicals for body preservation;, the idea of these chemicals finally
leeching into the ground or ‘water table’ is contrary to nature or a natural
burial.
Why have I only been sold the grave for a
set period of time? - I want the grave forever!
The law stipulates that graves cannot be sold
for more than 100 years and authorities cannot go against that law. However,
the law does permit grant of ownership to be extended and some accordingly
write to owners every five years offering the opportunity to 'top-up' their
lease. In this manner, the grave can stay in the family for as long as they
wish, though ownership will never be issued for more than 100 years at any one
time. Even where this topping up option is not offered, you (or your family)
can renew the right at the end of the current lease. It is important that the owner of the Exclusive Right of Burial,
informs the
cemetery office of any change of
address otherwise correspondence regarding renewal will not be received.
Similarly, should the owner die, the nearest relatives should contact the
cemetery office to arrange for the
ownership to be transferred and thus, the interest in the grave can be retained
indefinitely.
I own the grave - can anyone else be
buried in it if I don't want them to?
No. Graves cannot be opened without the
permission in writing of the registered owner of the grave. The only exception
to this is where the burial is to be that of the registered owner in which case
no written authority is required. The law protects your rights as registered
owner of the grave. See edit above regarding ‘pauper graves.’
I am told the grave is for two people -
there is only one person in the grave and I now want two more burials to take
place in the grave.
When a grave is purchased to take two full body
burials, the depth to which the grave is excavated for the first burial must
take into account the need for the second burial. There are legal requirements
as to how much earth must be left on top of the last coffin, and it is
therefore not physically possible to put an extra coffin into the grave without
breaking the law. However, after the grave is full for coffined burial cremated
remains caskets or urns may still be buried within the grave. Lawful authority could be obtained to exhume those already
buried in the grave, excavate the grave deeper, rebury those deceased that were
exhumed and subsequently carry out the third burial. This action would require
careful consideration by the grave owner. Exhumation processes are complex. The
Home Office, local Health and Safety Office and, Public Hygiene department all
have to be involved in conjunction with the local authority – council. In a
churchyard, a ‘faculty’ has to be granted and fees paid when the application is
submitted; there is no guarantee of success and no refund if unsuccessful.
What happens when the lease expires?
When you buy a grave you purchase the Exclusive
Rights of Burial in that grave for a set period of time. At the end of the
period you should be given the option of renewing the Rights for a further
period. It is vitally important that you keep the cemetery office fully
informed should you change address otherwise you may not receive a notice of
renewal at the appropriate time. Also, at the end of the period of rights to
erect and maintain a memorial, the cemetery staff will attempt to contact you
to give you the option to renew the lease. Should you not wish to renew the
lease or you cannot be contacted, the cemetery staff can lawfully remove any
memorial after giving a set period of notice for you to remove the memorial
yourself. If you decide to renew the lease this may be on condition that the
memorial receives a full inspection and stability test and any defects found
are repaired.
Who is responsible for the memorial?
Whilst the burial authority is responsible for
maintaining the cemetery in a safe condition you have a responsibility to
maintain your memorial in a safe condition throughout the period of the Right
to Erect and Maintain a Memorial. If you fail to do this the cemetery staff may
take action to make the memorial safe. Cemetery staff carry out routine
inspections of memorials in the cemetery and when one is identified as being
unstable and likely to fall and injure someone, it might be cordoned-off, laid
flat, moved to a safer placement or have a temporary support installed. You
will receive a letter in these circumstances and it will be your responsibility
to arrange suitable repair. Should your memorial still be under guarantee the
memorial mason will be responsible to carry out repair at no extra cost to
yourself. Should you ignore the notice sent to you, your memorial may well be
laid flat and when the lease expires you will not be allowed to renew it until
repairs are made. Should no repairs be carried out and, after further
notification, the memorial may be lawfully removed from the cemetery. Your
memorial mason also has a responsibility to provide a memorial of merchantable
quality and to erect it in a safe manner. You should insist that the memorial
is erected in accordance with the National Association of Memorial Masons
(NAMM), whose work incorporates a Recommended Code of Practice and seek a
guarantee from your
memorial mason. Any fees incurred by the cemetery
authority, will be the responsibility f the registered grave applicant/owner.
What happens if / when all the owners have
died?
Ownership of the exclusive Right of Burial in a
grave can be transferred from a deceased owner via that owner's estate. The
means of transfer can be very complex and while there is a set procedure to
follow, each case must be looked at individually. If you need to transfer
ownership when all owners are deceased you will need to contact the cemetery
office where staff will arrange for a transfer to take place with due
compliance with law.
Why can't I have what I want on the grave?
When a new grave is purchased it is not the
ownership of the land itself that is purchased, but the rights to have burials
take place in that grave. These rights are sold, or to be more correct,
'granted' together with the rights to erect a memorial on the grave in
accordance with the rules and regulations of the cemetery. It is important that
you select the cemetery that will provide you with the type of memorial that
you require as regulations differ from area to area. This can be checked out by
contacting the cemetery office and making enquiries about the choices and
options available. Churchyard procedures differ and information not available
here can be sought as IS advised here – above.
Why is a permit needed?
Prior to a memorial being erected on a grave
space, the written authority of the owner of the grave must be given on a
permit / application form, authorising the proposed erection of the memorial.
Memorials need to conform to cemetery regulations with regard to size and
fixings, and the memorial also needs to be checked for stability under health
and safety regulations. The cemetery staff need to check that the memorial
conforms to regulations and will be erected in a safe manner. To a certain
extent this helps protect your interests although you will remain responsible
for the maintenance of the memorial in the future. You may ask
your memorial mason for a guarantee of workmanship
or details of insurance. Some authorities will issue a separate Right to Erect
and Maintain a Memorial and the purchase of this right will be made on
submission of the application to erect a memorial. Other authorities may
combine the Memorial Rights with the Burial Rights.
I want to bury cremated remains into the
grave. Why do I have to decide whether there will be any more burials before
this can be done?
It is against the law to disturb human remains
without Licence (including cremated remains in a casket or urn), and therefore,
no further burials will be possible in the grave until a Licence has been
obtained. Cremated remains can be buried in the grave at full depth, in which
case they will not be disturbed by further full body burials, but by having to
excavate a grave to this depth there will be additional charges for opening the
grave.
Is the
headstone, always where the head lies?
No. For numerous reasons, mostly due to
practicability or grave maintenance, headstones sometimes are placed where the
feet would be. Back-to-back headstones are more common in churchyards than
cemeteries but, exceptions apply. Traditionally, if the deceased were to
imaginatively sit upright, they would be facing east towards Mecca, The Holy
Land or the Gulf area. Church towers are mostly built in the west end of the
plot of land – this is a useful guide to head placement especially for
non-local funeral directors confronted with back-to-back headstones such as in
St. Michael’s Churchyard, Honiton
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